Dependencies in DBMS:

A dependency in DBMS is a relation between two or more attributes. It has the following types in DBMS:

1. Functional Dependency
2. Fully-Functional Dependency
3. Transitive Dependency
4. Multivalued Dependency
5. Partial Dependency

 

1.   Functional Dependency:

If the information stored in a table can uniquely determine another information in the same table, then it is called Functional Dependency. Consider it as an association between two attributes of the same relation.

If P functionally determines Q, then P -> Q.

Ex:

EmpID	EmpName	EmpAge
E101	Ajit	30
E102	Rohit	32

 

In the above table, as you can see that, EmpName is functionally dependent on EmpID because EmpName can take only one value for the given value of EmpID. So,

EmpID ->EmpName

Thus, Employee Name (EmpName) is functionally dependent on Employee ID (EmpID).

 

2.   Fully-functionally Dependency:

An attribute is fully functional dependent on another attribute, if it is Functionally Dependent on that attribute and not on any of its proper subset.

For ex:, an attribute Q is fully functional dependent on another attribute P, if it is Functionally Dependent on P and not on any of the proper subset of P.

Ex: Consider the following ProjectCost and EmployeeProject relations.

ProjectID	ProjectCost
001	1000
002	5000

 

 

EmpID	ProjectID	Days (spent on the project)
E101	P01	220
E102	P02	150

The above relations states:

EmpID, ProjectID, ProjectCost -> Days

However, it is not fully functional dependent.

Whereas the subset {EmpID, ProjectID} can easily determine the {Days} spent on the project by the employee.

This summarizes and gives our fully functional dependency −

{EmpID, ProjectID}  -> (Days)

3.   Transitive Dependency

When an indirect relationship causes functional dependency it is called Transitive Dependency.

If P -> Q and Q -> R is true, then P-> R is a transitive dependency.

 

4.   Multivalued Dependency

When existence of one or more rows in a table implies one or more other rows in the same table, then the Multi-valued dependencies occur.

If a table has attributes P, Q and R, then Q and R are multi-valued facts of P.

It is represented by double arrow (->->).

For our example:

P->->Q
Q->->R

In the above case, Multivalued Dependency exists only if Q and R are independent attributes.

 

5.   Partial Dependency

Partial Dependency occurs when a nonprime attribute is functionally dependent on part of a candidate key.

The 2nd Normal Form (2NF) eliminates the Partial Dependency. For ex. consider the below StudentProject relation:

 

StudentID	ProjectNo	StudentName	ProjectName
S01	199	Katie	Geo Location
S02	120	Ollie	Cluster Exploration

In the above table, we have partial dependency; let us see how −

·         The prime key attributes are StudentID and ProjectNo.

·         As stated earlier, the non-prime attributes i.e. StudentName and ProjectName should be functionally dependent on part of a candidate key, to be Partial Dependent.

·         The StudentName can be determined by StudentID that makes the relation Partial Dependent.

·         The ProjectName can be determined by ProjectID, which that the relation Partial Dependent.